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What is Earth?
The earth is the third furthest planet from the sun and ranks fifth in size. The distance of the earth from the sun is about 150 million kilometres. The earth is made up of the atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water bodies), lithosphere (solid and molten materials), and the biosphere (living things).
About three quarters of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
Currently, the earth is the only planet in the solar system with water bodies. The earth is the planet on which we live.
The shape and size of the earth
The shape of the earth is a flattened sphere. A flattened sphere is known as an oblate spheroid (geoid). The flattening of the earth is very slight as the measurements in the north-south and east-west distance indicate.
The distance through the centre from the North Pole to the South Pole is 12,713 kilometres whereas the distance through the centre ofthe earth at theequator is 12,757 kilometres. The circumference of the earth at the equator is about 40,000 kilometres.
Evidence of the earth’s shape
There is enough evidence to show that the earth is spherical. The evidence includes the following:
Sunrise and sunset
The sun rises and sets at different times in different places of the earth. People in the east see the sun earlier than those in the west due
to the earth’s rotation from west to east
(a)).This concept was proved by the first navigator Ferdinand Magellan who sailed around the world from 1519 to 1522. Magellan in his voyage did not encounter any abrupt edge on earth’s surface over which he would fall. This journey around the earth is called circumnavigation.
(b) Aerial photograph of the earth
A photograph taken by airplane or images captured by artificial satellites from the air show that the earth is curve.
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